# DeepSeek-R1
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  <a href="https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1/blob/main/DeepSeek_R1.pdf"><b>Paper Link</b>👁️</a>
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## 1. Introduction

We introduce our first-generation reasoning models: DeepSeek-R1-Zero and DeepSeek-R1. 
DeepSeek-R1-Zero, a model trained via large-scale reinforcement learning (RL) without preliminary supervised fine-tuning (SFT), demonstrates remarkable reasoning performance. 
Through RL training, it naturally developed numerous powerful and intriguing reasoning behaviors. 
However, DeepSeek-R1-Zero faces challenges such as endless repetition, poor readability, and language mixing. To address these issues and further enhance reasoning capabilities, we developed DeepSeek-R1, which incorporates cold-start data prior to RL training.
DeepSeek-R1 achieves performance comparable to OpenAI-o1 in math, coding, and reasoning tasks.
To support the research community, we have open-sourced DeepSeek-R1-Zero, DeepSeek-R1, and six dense models (based on Llama and Qwen architectures) distilled from DeepSeek-R1. Notably, DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B outperforms OpenAI-o1-mini across benchmarks, achieving new state-of-the-art results for dense models.

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  <img width="80%" src="figures/benchmark.jpg">
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## 2. Model Summary

---

**Post-Training: Large-Scale Reinforcement Learning on the Base Model**

-  We directly apply reinforcement learning (RL) to the base model without supervised fine-tuning (SFT) as a preliminary step. This approach enables the model to explore chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning for solving complex problems, leading to the development of DeepSeek-R1-Zero. The model demonstrates capabilities such as self-verification, reflection, and the generation of long CoTs, marking a significant milestone for the research community. Notably, this is the first open research initiative to validate that large language models (LLMs) can develop reasoning capabilities purely through RL, eliminating the need for SFT. This breakthrough paves the way for future advancements in the field.

-  We introduce our pipeline for developing DeepSeek-R1, which incorporates two RL stages (aimed at discovering improved reasoning patterns and aligning with human preferences) and two SFT stages (serving as the foundation for the model’s reasoning and non-reasoning capabilities). We believe this pipeline will benefit the industry by enabling the creation of more advanced models. 

---

**Distillation: Smaller Models Can Be Powerful Too**

- We demonstrate that reasoning patterns from larger models can be distilled into smaller ones, achieving superior performance compared to reasoning patterns discovered through RL on small models. The open-source DeepSeek-R1 and its API will empower the research community to distill more capable smaller models in the future.
  
- Using reasoning data generated by DeepSeek-R1, we fine-tuned several dense models widely adopted in the research community. Evaluations show that these smaller distilled dense models excel on benchmarks. We have open-sourced distilled checkpoints (1.5B, 7B, 8B, 14B, 32B, and 70B) based on the Qwen2.5 and Llama3 architectures for community use.

## 3. Model Downloads

### DeepSeek-R1 Models

<div align="center">

| **Model** | **#Total Params** | **#Activated Params** | **Context Length** | **Download** |
| :------------: | :------------: | :------------: | :------------: | :------------: |
| DeepSeek-R1-Zero | 671B | 37B | 128K   | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Zero)   |
| DeepSeek-R1   | 671B | 37B |  128K   | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1)   |

</div>

DeepSeek-R1-Zero & DeepSeek-R1 are trained based on DeepSeek-V3-Base. 
For more details regrading the model architecture, please refer to [DeepSeek-V3](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3) repository.

### DeepSeek-R1-Distill Models

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| **Model** | **Base Model** | **Download** |
| :------------: | :------------: | :------------: |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B  | [Qwen2.5-Math-1.5B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-1.5B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B)   |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B  | [Qwen2.5-Math-7B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-7B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B)   |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B  | [Llama-3.1-8B](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B)   |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-14B   | [Qwen2.5-14B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-14B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-14B)   |
|DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B  | [Qwen2.5-32B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-32B) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B)   |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B  | [Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct) | [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B)   |

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DeepSeek-R1-Distill models are fine-tuned based on open-source models, using samples generated by DeepSeek-R1.
We slightly change their configs and tokenizers. Please use our setting to run these models.

## 4. Evaluation Results

### DeepSeek-R1-Evaluation
 For all our models, the maximum generation length is set to 32,768 tokens. For benchmarks requiring sampling, we use a temperature of $0.6$, a top-p value of $0.95$, and generate 64 responses per query to estimate pass@1.
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| Category | Benchmark (Metric) | Claude-3.5-Sonnet-1022 | GPT-4o 0513 | DeepSeek V3 | OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI o1-1217 | DeepSeek R1 |
|----------|-------------------|----------------------|------------|--------------|----------------|------------|--------------|
| | Architecture | - | - | MoE | - | - | MoE |
| | # Activated Params | - | - | 37B | - | - | 37B |
| | # Total Params | - | - | 671B | - | - | 671B |
| English | MMLU (Pass@1) | 88.3 | 87.2 | 88.5 | 85.2 | **91.8** | 90.8 |
| | MMLU-Redux (EM) | 88.9 | 88.0 | 89.1 | 86.7 | - | **92.9** |
| | MMLU-Pro (EM) | 78.0 | 72.6 | 75.9 | 80.3 | - | **84.0** |
| | DROP (3-shot F1) | 88.3 | 83.7 | 91.6 | 83.9 | 90.2 | **92.2** |
| | IF-Eval (Prompt Strict) | **86.5** | 84.3 | 86.1 | 84.8 | - | 83.3 |
| | GPQA-Diamond (Pass@1) | 65.0 | 49.9 | 59.1 | 60.0 | **75.7** | 71.5 |
| | SimpleQA (Correct) | 28.4 | 38.2 | 24.9 | 7.0 | **47.0** | 30.1 |
| | FRAMES (Acc.) | 72.5 | 80.5 | 73.3 | 76.9 | - | **82.5** |
| | AlpacaEval2.0 (LC-winrate) | 52.0 | 51.1 | 70.0 | 57.8 | - | **87.6** |
| | ArenaHard (GPT-4-1106) | 85.2 | 80.4 | 85.5 | 92.0 | - | **92.3** |
| Code | LiveCodeBench (Pass@1-COT) | 33.8 | 34.2 | - | 53.8 | 63.4 | **65.9** |
| | Codeforces (Percentile) | 20.3 | 23.6 | 58.7 | 93.4 | **96.6** | 96.3 |
| | Codeforces (Rating) | 717 | 759 | 1134 | 1820 | **2061** | 2029 |
| | SWE Verified (Resolved) | **50.8** | 38.8 | 42.0 | 41.6 | 48.9 | 49.2 |
| | Aider-Polyglot (Acc.) | 45.3 | 16.0 | 49.6 | 32.9 | **61.7** | 53.3 |
| Math | AIME 2024 (Pass@1) | 16.0 | 9.3 | 39.2 | 63.6 | 79.2 | **79.8** |
| | MATH-500 (Pass@1) | 78.3 | 74.6 | 90.2 | 90.0 | 96.4 | **97.3** |
| | CNMO 2024 (Pass@1) | 13.1 | 10.8 | 43.2 | 67.6 | - | **78.8** |
| Chinese | CLUEWSC (EM) | 85.4 | 87.9 | 90.9 | 89.9 | - | **92.8** |
| | C-Eval (EM) | 76.7 | 76.0 | 86.5 | 68.9 | - | **91.8** |
| | C-SimpleQA (Correct) | 55.4 | 58.7 | **68.0** | 40.3 | - | 63.7 |

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### Distilled Model Evaluation


<div align="center">

| Model                                    | AIME 2024 pass@1 | AIME 2024 cons@64 | MATH-500 pass@1 | GPQA Diamond pass@1 | LiveCodeBench pass@1 | CodeForces rating |
|------------------------------------------|------------------|-------------------|-----------------|----------------------|----------------------|-------------------|
| GPT-4o-0513                          | 9.3              | 13.4              | 74.6            | 49.9                 | 32.9                 | 759               |
| Claude-3.5-Sonnet-1022             | 16.0             | 26.7                 | 78.3            | 65.0                 | 38.9                 | 717               |
| o1-mini                              | 63.6             | 80.0              | 90.0            | 60.0                 | 53.8                 | **1820**          |
| QwQ-32B-Preview                              | 44.0             | 60.0                 | 90.6            | 54.5               | 41.9                 | 1316              |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B       | 28.9             | 52.7              | 83.9            | 33.8                 | 16.9                 | 954               |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B          | 55.5             | 83.3              | 92.8            | 49.1                 | 37.6                 | 1189              |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-14B         | 69.7             | 80.0              | 93.9            | 59.1                 | 53.1                 | 1481              |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B        | **72.6**         | 83.3              | 94.3            | 62.1                 | 57.2                 | 1691              |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B         | 50.4             | 80.0              | 89.1            | 49.0                 | 39.6                 | 1205              |
| DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B        | 70.0             | **86.7**          | **94.5**        | **65.2**             | **57.5**             | 1633              |

</div>


## 5. Chat Website & API Platform
You can chat with DeepSeek-R1 on DeepSeek's official website: [chat.deepseek.com](https://chat.deepseek.com), and switch on the button "DeepThink"

We also provide OpenAI-Compatible API at DeepSeek Platform: [platform.deepseek.com](https://platform.deepseek.com/)

## 6. How to Run Locally

### DeepSeek-R1 Models

Please visit [DeepSeek-V3](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3) repo for more information about running DeepSeek-R1 locally.

### DeepSeek-R1-Distill Models

DeepSeek-R1-Distill models can be utilized in the same manner as Qwen or Llama models.

For instance, you can easily start a service using [vLLM](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm):

```shell
vllm serve deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B --tensor-parallel-size 2 --max-model-len 32768 --enforce-eager
```

You can also easily start a service using [SGLang](https://github.com/sgl-project/sglang)

```bash
python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B --trust-remote-code --tp 2
```

### Usage Recommendations

**We recommend adhering to the following configurations when utilizing the DeepSeek-R1 series models, including benchmarking, to achieve the expected performance:**

1. Set the temperature within the range of 0.5-0.7 (0.6 is recommended) to prevent endless repetitions or incoherent outputs.
2. Avoid adding a system prompt; all instructions should be contained within the user prompt.
3. For mathematical problems, it is advisable to include a directive in your prompt such as: "put your final answer within \boxed{}".
4. When evaluating model performance, it is recommended to conduct multiple tests and average the results.

## 7. License
This code repository and the model weights are licensed under the [MIT License](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1/blob/main/LICENSE).
DeepSeek-R1 series support commercial use, allow for any modifications and derivative works, including, but not limited to, distillation for training other LLMs. Please note that:
- DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B, DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B, DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-14B and DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B are derived from [Qwen-2.5 series](https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen2.5), which are originally licensed under [Apache 2.0 License](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B/blob/main/LICENSE), and now finetuned with 800k samples curated with DeepSeek-R1.
- DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-8B is derived from Llama3.1-8B-Base and is originally licensed under [llama3.1 license](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B/blob/main/LICENSE).
- DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B is derived from Llama3.3-70B-Instruct and is originally licensed under [llama3.3 license](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct/blob/main/LICENSE).

## 8. Citation
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```

## 9. Contact
If you have any questions, please raise an issue or contact us at [service@deepseek.com](service@deepseek.com).
