vllm/docs/models/pooling_models.md

Pooling Models

vLLM also supports pooling models, including embedding, reranking and reward models.

In vLLM, pooling models implement the [VllmModelForPooling][vllm.model_executor.models.VllmModelForPooling] interface. These models use a [Pooler][vllm.model_executor.layers.Pooler] to extract the final hidden states of the input before returning them.

!!! note We currently support pooling models primarily as a matter of convenience. As shown in the Compatibility Matrix, most vLLM features are not applicable to pooling models as they only work on the generation or decode stage, so performance may not improve as much.

If the model doesn't implement this interface, you can set --task which tells vLLM to convert the model into a pooling model.

--task	Model type	Supported pooling tasks
embed	Embedding model	encode, embed
classify	Classification model	encode, classify, score
reward	Reward model	encode

Pooling Tasks

In vLLM, we define the following pooling tasks and corresponding APIs:

Task	APIs
encode	encode
embed	embed, score*
classify	classify
score	score

*The score API falls back to embed task if the model does not support score task.

Each pooling model in vLLM supports one or more of these tasks according to [Pooler.get_supported_tasks][vllm.model_executor.layers.Pooler.get_supported_tasks].

By default, the pooler assigned to each task has the following attributes:

Task	Pooling Type	Normalization	Softmax
encode	ALL	❌	❌
embed	LAST	✅︎	❌
classify	LAST	❌	✅︎

These defaults may be overridden by the model's implementation in vLLM.

When loading Sentence Transformers models, we attempt to override the defaults based on its Sentence Transformers configuration file (modules.json), which takes priority over the model's defaults.

You can further customize this via the --override-pooler-config option, which takes priority over both the model's and Sentence Transformers's defaults.

!!! note

The above configuration may be disregarded if the model's implementation in vLLM defines its own pooler
that is not based on [PoolerConfig][vllm.config.PoolerConfig].

Offline Inference

The [LLM][vllm.LLM] class provides various methods for offline inference. See [configuration][configuration] for a list of options when initializing the model.

LLM.encode

The [encode][vllm.LLM.encode] method is available to all pooling models in vLLM. It returns the extracted hidden states directly, which is useful for reward models.

from vllm import LLM

llm = LLM(model="Qwen/Qwen2.5-Math-RM-72B", task="reward")
(output,) = llm.encode("Hello, my name is")

data = output.outputs.data
print(f"Data: {data!r}")

LLM.embed

The [embed][vllm.LLM.embed] method outputs an embedding vector for each prompt. It is primarily designed for embedding models.

from vllm import LLM

llm = LLM(model="intfloat/e5-mistral-7b-instruct", task="embed")
(output,) = llm.embed("Hello, my name is")

embeds = output.outputs.embedding
print(f"Embeddings: {embeds!r} (size={len(embeds)})")

A code example can be found here: gh-file:examples/offline_inference/basic/embed.py

LLM.classify

The [classify][vllm.LLM.classify] method outputs a probability vector for each prompt. It is primarily designed for classification models.

from vllm import LLM

llm = LLM(model="jason9693/Qwen2.5-1.5B-apeach", task="classify")
(output,) = llm.classify("Hello, my name is")

probs = output.outputs.probs
print(f"Class Probabilities: {probs!r} (size={len(probs)})")

A code example can be found here: gh-file:examples/offline_inference/basic/classify.py

LLM.score

The [score][vllm.LLM.score] method outputs similarity scores between sentence pairs. It is designed for embedding models and cross encoder models. Embedding models use cosine similarity, and cross-encoder models serve as rerankers between candidate query-document pairs in RAG systems.

!!! note vLLM can only perform the model inference component (e.g. embedding, reranking) of RAG. To handle RAG at a higher level, you should use integration frameworks such as LangChain.

from vllm import LLM

llm = LLM(model="BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3", task="score")
(output,) = llm.score("What is the capital of France?",
                      "The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.")

score = output.outputs.score
print(f"Score: {score}")

A code example can be found here: gh-file:examples/offline_inference/basic/score.py

Online Serving

Our OpenAI-Compatible Server provides endpoints that correspond to the offline APIs:

• [Pooling API][pooling-api] is similar to LLM.encode, being applicable to all types of pooling models.
• [Embeddings API][embeddings-api] is similar to LLM.embed, accepting both text and multi-modal inputs for embedding models.
• [Classification API][classification-api] is similar to LLM.classify and is applicable to sequence classification models.
• [Score API][score-api] is similar to LLM.score for cross-encoder models.

Matryoshka Embeddings

Matryoshka Embeddings or Matryoshka Representation Learning (MRL) is a technique used in training embedding models. It allows user to trade off between performance and cost.

!!! warning Not all embedding models are trained using Matryoshka Representation Learning. To avoid misuse of the dimensions parameter, vLLM returns an error for requests that attempt to change the output dimension of models that do not support Matryoshka Embeddings.

For example, setting `dimensions` parameter while using the `BAAI/bge-m3` model will result in the following error.

```json
{"object":"error","message":"Model \"BAAI/bge-m3\" does not support matryoshka representation, changing output dimensions will lead to poor results.","type":"BadRequestError","param":null,"code":400}
```

Manually enable Matryoshka Embeddings

There is currently no official interface for specifying support for Matryoshka Embeddings. In vLLM, if is_matryoshka is True in config.json, it is allowed to change the output to arbitrary dimensions. Using matryoshka_dimensions can control the allowed output dimensions.

For models that support Matryoshka Embeddings but not recognized by vLLM, please manually override the config using hf_overrides={"is_matryoshka": True}, hf_overrides={"matryoshka_dimensions": [<allowed output dimensions>]} (offline) or --hf_overrides '{"is_matryoshka": true}', --hf_overrides '{"matryoshka_dimensions": [<allowed output dimensions>]}'(online).

Here is an example to serve a model with Matryoshka Embeddings enabled.

vllm serve Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m-v1.5 --hf_overrides '{"matryoshka_dimensions":[256]}'

Offline Inference

You can change the output dimensions of embedding models that support Matryoshka Embeddings by using the dimensions parameter in [PoolingParams][vllm.PoolingParams].

from vllm import LLM, PoolingParams

llm = LLM(model="jinaai/jina-embeddings-v3",
          task="embed",
          trust_remote_code=True)
outputs = llm.embed(["Follow the white rabbit."],
                    pooling_params=PoolingParams(dimensions=32))
print(outputs[0].outputs)

A code example can be found here: gh-file:examples/offline_inference/embed_matryoshka_fy.py

Online Inference

Use the following command to start vllm server.

vllm serve jinaai/jina-embeddings-v3 --trust-remote-code

You can change the output dimensions of embedding models that support Matryoshka Embeddings by using the dimensions parameter.

curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/v1/embeddings \
  -H 'accept: application/json' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
    "input": "Follow the white rabbit.",
    "model": "jinaai/jina-embeddings-v3",
    "encoding_format": "float",
    "dimensions": 32
  }'

Expected output:

{"id":"embd-5c21fc9a5c9d4384a1b021daccaf9f64","object":"list","created":1745476417,"model":"jinaai/jina-embeddings-v3","data":[{"index":0,"object":"embedding","embedding":[-0.3828125,-0.1357421875,0.03759765625,0.125,0.21875,0.09521484375,-0.003662109375,0.1591796875,-0.130859375,-0.0869140625,-0.1982421875,0.1689453125,-0.220703125,0.1728515625,-0.2275390625,-0.0712890625,-0.162109375,-0.283203125,-0.055419921875,-0.0693359375,0.031982421875,-0.04052734375,-0.2734375,0.1826171875,-0.091796875,0.220703125,0.37890625,-0.0888671875,-0.12890625,-0.021484375,-0.0091552734375,0.23046875]}],"usage":{"prompt_tokens":8,"total_tokens":8,"completion_tokens":0,"prompt_tokens_details":null}}

A openai client example can be found here: gh-file:examples/online_serving/openai_embedding_matryoshka_fy.py